Signaling effectors underlying pathologic growth and remodeling of the heart. Molecular basis of physiological heart growth: fundamental concepts and new players. Coronary microvascular rarefaction and myocardial fibrosis in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Epidemiology of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Inhibition of hypertrophy is a good therapeutic strategy in ventricular pressure overload. In this Review, we summarize the underlying molecular mechanisms of physiological and pathological hypertrophy, with a particular emphasis on the role of metabolic remodelling in both forms of cardiac hypertrophy, and we discuss how the current knowledge on cardiac hypertrophy can be applied to develop novel therapeutic strategies to prevent or reverse pathological hypertrophy.īraunwald, E. In the past decade, a growing number of studies have suggested that previously unrecognized mechanisms, including cellular metabolism, proliferation, non-coding RNAs, immune responses, translational regulation, and epigenetic modifications, positively or negatively regulate cardiac hypertrophy. Each form of hypertrophy is regulated by distinct cellular signalling pathways. Hypertrophy initially develops as an adaptive response to physiological and pathological stimuli, but pathological hypertrophy generally progresses to heart failure. There are two types of hypertrophy: physiological and pathological. Therefore, in the adult heart, instead of an increase in cardiomyocyte number, individual cardiomyocytes increase in size, and the heart develops hypertrophy to reduce ventricular wall stress and maintain function and efficiency in response to an increased workload. This division is the only vertically oriented plane that is not defined by a hepatic vein.Cardiomyocytes exit the cell cycle and become terminally differentiated soon after birth. The u mbilic plane runs from the falciform ligament to the inferior vena cava and divides the left lobe into a medial part, which is segment IV and a lateral part formed by segment II and III.This plane runs from the inferior vena cava to the gallbladder fossa. The plane of the middle hepatic vein divides the liver into right and left lobes or right and left hemiliver.The plane of the right hepatic vein divides the right lobe into anterior and posterior segments.The liver is divided in three vertical planes: In the periphery of each segment there is vascular outflow through the hepatic veins. In the centre of each segment there is a branch of the portal vein, hepatic artery and bile duct. The Couinaud classification of liver anatomy divides the liver into eight functionally indepedent segments.Įach segment has its own vascular inflow, outflow and biliary drainage. How to Differentiate Carotid Obstructions.TI-RADS - Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System. ![]() Head Neck tumors - When to think of malignancy.Esophagus II: Strictures, Acute syndromes, Neoplasms and Vascular impressions.Esophagus I: anatomy, rings, inflammation.Vascular Anomalies of Aorta, Pulmonary and Systemic vessels.Contrast-enhanced MRA of peripheral vessels.Ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathy.Coronary Artery Disease-Reporting and Data System 2.0.Bi-RADS for Mammography and Ultrasound 2013.Transvaginal Ultrasound for Non-Gynaecological Conditions.Acute Abdomen in Gynaecology - Ultrasound.Appendicitis - Pitfalls in US and CT diagnosis.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |